【风园热点】：2022风园热点05-中国国家公园理念的源流与创新 | 建言献策

国家公园理念是对国家公园自身特点及建设思路的总概括。我国2017年发布的《建立国家公园体制总体方案》规定了“三个坚持”的中国国家公园理念：“坚持生态保护第一，坚持国家代表性，坚持全面公益性”。目前对这一理念的形成过程及创新性仍然缺乏认识。本文将通过梳理中国国家公园理念的渊源及发展过程，并与国外国家公园理念对比，分析中国国家公园理念的创新性。希望以此启发读者对中国国家公园理念的认知、认可与关注，并能积极传播践行这一理念，促进国家公园事业进步，扭转当前我国国家公园欠发展的不利局面。

1949年以来，中国国家公园理念随着时间推移不断变迁，大致经历了构思讨论、试点探索、形成发展3个阶段。

Since 1949, the concept of national parks in China has been changing with the passage of time. It has roughly experienced three stages: conception discussion, pilot exploration, formation and development.

① 1956年，中国建立第1个自然保护区——广东鼎湖山国家级自然保护区；

① In 1956, China established its first nature reserve, Dinghushan National Nature Reserve in Guangdong Province.

② In 1982, China established its first national forest park, Zhangjiajie National Forest Park.

③ In 1982, The State Council approved and announced the first batch of national key scenic spots, a total of 44;

④ In 2001, the first batch of national geological parks was established, with 11 in total.

In addition, many national wetland parks, national mine parks and national water conservancy scenic spots have been established.

In these parks, scenic spots, the protected areas in the process of development and construction, some scholars found that the difference between foreign national park, and Europe and the United States national park in the developed countries carried out the study, draw lessons from its emphasis on natural geographical representation and ecosystem value degree, and the development of the landscape value experience, for China's scenic spots, forest park construction are proposed.

Some studies think that scenic spots and national forest parks are national parks, and put forward some suggestions for local reform under the existing system. There are also studies proposing new national parks within the existing system:

① In 1987, Hao Wenkang proposed that national parks should be established in places of interest with historical sites and beautiful scenery, which are mainly for people to visit and recuperate, as well as for the education of patriotism and tradition among young people;

②In 1991, Yan proposed the construction of national parks in typical natural zones of ecosystems, habitats of rare animals and plants, well-preserved natural and historical sites, cultural heritages with a long history, and areas that are internationally valued and listed in international conventions. He also proposed that the tendency to overemphasize tourism should be avoided in the management of national parks.

张家界国家森林公园 | Zhangjiajie National Forest Park

 | Pilot Exploration Phase (2006-2016)

① 2006年，云南香格里拉普达措国家公园成立，宣布“三江流国家风景名胜区的有关地域为中国大陆的第１个国家公园”。

① In 2006, Yunnan Shangri-La Pudatuo National Park was established, and the relevant area of the Three Rivers National Scenic Area was declared as the first national park in  China.

② In 2008, the National Tourism Administration and the Ministry of Environmental Protection awarded the first national park pilot unit in China, Heilongjiang Tangwang River National Park. Since then, Pudatuo, Laojunshan and Xishuangbanna have also begun to practice and explore national parks, and put forward the concept of national parks. For example, in the plan of Pudatso National Park, it is proposed that "the concept of conservation, recreation and education should be guided, combined with the localization of ecotourism".

③ In 2013，The establishment of the national park system was first proposed in the Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform.

④In 2014, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and other relevant departments approved the establishment of a number of pilot national park construction;

⑤ In 2015, 13 central ministries, commissions, bureaus and offices issued the Pilot Program for Establishing a National Park System. With the implementation of the pilot program for national parks, more direct policies and propositions have been put forward for the concept of national parks.

黑龙江汤旺河国家公园 | Tangwang River National Park in Heilongjiang Province

 | Formation and development stage (2017-2016)

在这一阶段，一些研究探索了国家公园理念的深化和落实。

At this stage, some studies explored the deepening and implementation of the concept of national parks.

① In 2018, Dou Yaquan et al. proposed that the construction of national parks in China should adhere to the five development concepts of "innovation, coordination, green, sharing and opening";

湖北神农架国家公园 | Hubei Shennongjia National Park

强调国家公园是具备自然生态保护、文化保护、游憩教育等多功能的综合体，秉持功能兼备的国家公园理念，其功能的主次区分并不明显。这类国家包括美国、加拿大、俄罗斯、瑞典、韩国等。

It emphasizes that national parks are multifunctional complexes with natural ecological protection, cultural protection, recreation education and so on. It upholds the concept of national parks with both functions, but the distinction between primary and secondary functions is not obvious. Countries in this category include the United States, Canada, Russia, Sweden, South Korea, etc.

(1) In the early days of the establishment of national parks in the United States, the dominant idea was to build parks on 'useless' land to protect and utilize beautiful landscapes.

① In 1832 George Catlin of the United States believed that the Great Plains of the United States should have a "sublime park". He conceived "a national park containing all the wild plants and animals, and the natural beauty of the original new look". Catlin's views have been highly regarded, emphasizing the preservation of nature and the culture that carries it, as a fundamental goal of national parks.

② With the establishment of Yellowstone National Park, a social activity of "natural pilgrimage" has been formed objectively. The idea of a national park has adapted to the situation by increasing its intention to serve the public. The versatility of national park operations has been highlighted. Since the 1930s, the construction of National Park Roads and National Scenic Drives has ensured that millions of Americans can reach a national park within a 1D drive.

(3) Richard Fortes used poetic language to summarize the spirit of today's national parks in the United States: "an isolated island of nature, a refuge for the human soul, a beautiful place where people can take photos, and a confession of humanity to the wilderness", expressing the idea that national parks are both nature protection, sightseeing, cultural symbols and other functions.

(4) the U.S. national park service in one sentence to describe own responsibilities, "the national park service to protect natural and cultural resources of national park system and values intact, for future generations to enjoy this life and access to education and encouraging", expressed both protection and utilization of America's national parks, nature and the humanities, the concept of the contemporary and future generations.

(2) Canada has a large number of people and a large number of protected natural areas. Its national parks emphasize the functions of nature, exploration, discovery and solitude, as well as the permanent maintenance of these functions.

① Canada's National Parks System Plan uses four "To" To describe the nature of National Parks. He considers the national park to be the gateway to nature, adventure, discovery and Solitude

(2) The government's responsibility for the management of national parks is also described.

To protect for all time representative natural areas. To encourage public understanding, appreciation and enjoyment of this natural heritage (To encourage the public To understand, appreciate and enjoy this natural heritage); To leave it unpartly for future generations. The national park can be passed on unaffected.

(3) Russian National Park is a natural, historical and cultural complex, and its management emphasizes its comprehensiveness and diversity of service functions.

① The area of national park not only has unique natural ecological landscape, but also highly suitable for recreation, with high aesthetic value, comfortable climate, historical and humanistic value and important national significance.

(2) National parks can be established in all areas that meet the requirements for the establishment of special natural protection areas. Cultural heritage (historical relics and monuments) listed in the state list of national cultural heritage of the Russian Federation are also transferred to the National Park Administration for unified management.

③ The main objectives and tasks of national parks are diverse, Including the protection and control in natural ecological system is distinctive and typical in landscape, the protection of historical and cultural landscape, to carry out the public ecological education, create the conditions needed for coordinated leisure tourism, formulate and implement scientific way to protect the natural and ecological education, to carry out the national ecological (environment) monitoring, restore natural and historical cultural syntheses of destruction.

④ For example, in the introduction of Saylyugemsky National Park, it is proposed to show you not only the beautiful wild nature, but also its inhabitants.

ge the public To understand, appreciate and enjoy this natural heritage); To leave it unpartly for future generations. The national park can be passed on unaffected.

(3) Russian National Park is a natural, historical and cultural complex, and its management emphasizes its comprehensiveness and diversity of service functions.

① The area of national park not only has unique natural ecological landscape, but also highly suitable for recreation, with high aesthetic value, comfortable climate, historical and humanistic value and important national significance.

(2) National parks can be established in all areas that meet the requirements for the establishment of special natural protection areas. Cultural heritage (historical relics and monuments) listed in the state list of national cultural heritage of the Russian Federation are also transferred to the National Park Administration for unified management.

③ The main objectives and tasks of national parks are diverse, Including the protection and control in natural ecological system is distinctive and typical in landscape, the protection of historical and cultural landscape, to carry out the public ecological education, create the conditions needed for coordinated leisure tourism, formulate and implement scientific way to protect the natural and ecological education, to carry out the national ecological (environment) monitoring, restore natural and historical cultural syntheses of destruction.

④ For example, in the introduction of Saylyugemsky National Park, it is proposed to show you not only the beautiful wild nature, but also its inhabitants.

美国黄石国家公园 | TYellowstone National Park, USA

国家公园强调自然保护的理念，将对原真自然的保护作为国家公园的首要工作，从经营目标和手段上更强调国家公园在自然生态系统中的地位和功能发挥。这一类型国家包括德国、法国、新西兰、巴西等。

National parks emphasize the concept of nature protection, taking the protection of the original nature as the primary work of national parks, and emphasizing the position and function of national parks in the natural ecosystem from the perspective of management objectives and means. Countries in this category include Germany, France, New Zealand, Brazil, etc.

(2) French national parks emphasize more on the protection of nature, believing that national parks are nature reserves on land and sea, which are recognized as a kind of "special territory", representing the image and identity of France internationally, and being a place to explore nature and resources.

① France adheres to the overall idea of nature conservation. National parks, as nature protection objects, are subordinate to the French Biodiversity Office

(2) The management of national parks emphasizes nature protection and takes actions to protect and restore biodiversity, such as preventing invasive species, restoring forests, and introducing some native species (such as bald eagle, goat, beaver, manatee, etc.).

(3) Regarding the relationship between national parks and local communities, Law 2006-436 on national parks, natural Marine parks and regional natural Parks of France puts forward the core concept of building an ecological community.

(3) New Zealand is a young country, uninhabited 1, 000 years ago, virgin land with virgin forests, lofty mountains and wild beaches.

① The construction of New Zealand national parks emphasizes its original nature and proposes the concept of "100% pure New Zealand". The 14 national parks show the diverse natural landscape of more than 30 000 km2.

② Protect the natural heritage, forests, wildlife and landscape, so that it is very close to the situation before people came here, eager to understand the local "soul" through the national park, the soul should be interpreted as the local nature.

德国萨克森小瑞士国家公园 | The Little Swiss National Park in Saxony, Germany

(2) Since ancient times, the Japanese people have the traditional custom of outdoor tourism, and the natural mountains and forests are the best places for popular sightseeing.

National parks were regarded as "healthy places" and places for people to exercise their bodies and minds.

(2) the environment ministry marked in the national park website home page, "save Japan's natural wealth, let you the contact of natural journey", is the purpose of the proposed national park "to protect Japanese unique natural sites, and save the sites for future generations, enabling them to experience the same magic as our generation and joy".

(3) Due to the large number of people in Japan and the small amount of land, national parks contain a variety of land use patterns and property rights. Therefore, the management of national parks takes into account the lifestyle of local residents and the conditions of agriculture and forestry, and more emphasis is placed on the coordination and sharing of grassroots communities.

英国诺桑伯兰国家公园 | Northumberland National Park, UK

(1) Ecological protection first, refers to the primary function of national parks is protection, adhere to the ecological priority in all work, to ensure ecological security and biodiversity is the main work of national parks, but also the primary work, put an end to all the use methods and behaviors that hinder natural protection;

(2) National representativeness refers to the selection and integration of national parks from various types of natural protected areas, representing the typical natural ecosystem and the best natural landscape in China, reflecting the national image and highlighting the Chinese civilization;

(3) Public welfare of the whole people means that the whole people share the right of recreation, decision-making, construction and informed supervision of national parks, so that the whole people can feel the natural beauty of national parks, receive natural education and promote the development of local communities.

Compared with the concept of foreign national parks, China's concept of national parks is innovative in The Times by following the general principles of the world's national park system and combining the practice and cultural characteristics of China's national parks.

(1) 新时代坚持“创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享”的发展理念，这是中国国家公园理念创新的导向统领。

① “生态保护第一”就是落实“协调、绿色”理念，为协调保护与发展的矛盾提供基本方针，目标是促进绿色发展，建设生态文明；

② “国家代表性”就是落实“创新”理念，国家公园是体制和机制的创新，国家代表性概括国家公园本体性质、功能定位、保护目标、主导体制，体现其前所未有的行业地位；

③ “全民公益性”就是落实“开放、共享”理念，国家公园要构建高品质、多样化的生态产品体系，向全体人民开放，为公众提供亲近自然、体验自然、了解自然以及作为国民福利的游憩机会。

(2) 另外，中国国家公园理念是习近平生态文明思想在国家公园领域的体现，是落实绿水青山就是金山银山理念、构建山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体、建设美丽中国的思想体系中的有机组成部分。

(1) "Ecological protection first" is to implement the concept of "coordination and green", and provide the basic policy for coordinating the contradiction between protection and development. The goal is to promote green development and build ecological civilization;

(2) "National representativeness" refers to the implementation of the concept of "innovation". National park is the innovation of system and mechanism. National representativeness summarizes the nature, function orientation, protection goal and leading system of national park, reflecting its unprecedented position in the industry.

(3) "Public welfare" means to implement the concept of "openness and sharing". National parks should build a high-quality and diversified ecological product system, open to all people, and provide the public with recreational opportunities to get close to nature, experience nature, understand nature and serve as national welfare.

① 中国国家公园理念是针对中国所面临的实际问题而提出，中国在经济快速发展的同时，生态空间与生产空间仍然存在矛盾，人均生态产品匮乏，森林覆盖率和单位面积蓄积量均不及全球平均水平，生物多样性保护等工作面临许多挑战，鉴此提出“生态保护第一”理念。

② 中国在全球生态治理中发挥了重要作用，在生态文明建设中成就卓著，但缺乏集中反映这些成就的国家样本，中国地大物博，生态系统多样，自然遗产众多，自然保护地范围广，但仍缺乏反映全国自然生态特点的名片，鉴此提出“国家代表性”理念。

③ 中国是社会主义国家，但全民共享发展成果的体制机制仍须完善，鉴此提出“全民公益性”理念。

The concept of national parks in China is based on Chinese practice. The practical experience of China's forestry work since 1949, especially in the construction of nature reserves, scenic spots, natural heritage and forest parks, has provided lessons for the innovation of the concept of national parks. The pilot work of national parks in recent years is the direct practical basis for the concept.

(1) the Chinese national park concept is based on the practical problems facing China and put forward, at the same time of rapid economic development in China, ecological space and production space still exist contradictions, lack of per capita ecological products, forest coverage rate and volume per unit area is less than the global average, biodiversity protection work face many challenges, as a result put forward the concept of "ecology first".

(2) China has played an important role in the global ecological management, accomplished in the construction of ecological civilization, but the lack of samples reflected the achievements of these countries, China is humongous, ecosystem diversity, numerous natural heritage, natural protected area is wide, but still reflect the lack of natural ecological characteristics of the nation's business card, as a result put forward the concept of "national representative".

(3) China is a socialist country, but the system and mechanism for all people to share the fruits of development still need to be improved, so we put forward the concept of "public welfare for all".

“天地人”三才思想是中国传统文化中的基本命题，认为天地人三者是宇宙构成的3大要素，三者要协调地联结为一个整体，达到三才合一才能实现事物的良性发展，三才理论成为中国传统社会建设的纲领。人们习惯用天时、地利、人和这种通俗的语言来表述这种状态，体现出中国传统的有机统一自然观。

The thought of "Heaven, Earth and Man" is a basic proposition in Chinese traditional culture. It holds that heaven, earth and man are the three elements of the universe, which should be coordinated and connected as a whole to achieve the harmony of the three talents in order to achieve the benign development of things. The theory of "three talents" has become the program of the construction of Chinese traditional society. People are used to describe this state in the popular language of natural time, geographical location and people, which reflects the organic and unified view of nature in traditional China.

(1) The concept of national parks in China fully expresses the three elements of heaven, earth and man. The concept of "ecological protection first" points to the natural ecosystem, namely "heaven";

(2) The concept of "national representativeness" points to the material carrier of the country and national park, namely "land";

(3) The concept of "public welfare for all" refers to the whole people, namely "people".

Combining the three concepts to form a unified national park concept, expressing the Chinese traditional philosophy of being in good time, favorable location and gathering people, which is not found in foreign national park concepts.

(1)  中国国家公园理念基本上属于多功能综合型理念，但在阐述多种功能综合发挥的同时，还强调了生态保护的首要地位，认为自然生态系统是首要经营对象，自然生态功能是首要功能，生态保护是首要经营手段。

① 如果自然生态系统经营不善，则不能很好地体现国家代表性，不能高质量地实现全面公益性，因此生态保护第一的提法抓住了基础和重点。

② 同时，中国国家公园理念还重视“国家代表性”和“全民公益性”，国家代表性是指国家公园本底资源的代表性，如果生态保护对象没有国家代表性，则会偏离国家公园建设宗旨，全民享有的生态福利也会降低层级。全民公益性明确了国家公园的服务对象，如果不考虑为人服务，则走入为生态而生态的片面自然生态价值观，如果不考虑为全体人民服务，又何谈其为社会主义国家的代表。

(2)  因此，生态保护第一、国家代表性、全民公益性之间具有缜密的逻辑关系，是协同互利关系，这种协同是以生态保护为主导，兼顾了自然利益、国家利益、人民利益，体现了主导协同机制，这是国外国家公园理念中没有体现出来的，可以说，中国国家公园理念是一种新型的国家公园理念。

(1) The concept of national parks in China is basically a multifunctional and comprehensive concept, but it also emphasizes the primacy of ecological protection while elaborating the comprehensive play of various functions. It considers that natural ecosystem is the primary business object, natural ecological function is the primary function, and ecological protection is the primary business means.

(1) If the natural ecosystem is not well managed, it will not be able to well reflect the national representation and achieve comprehensive public welfare with high quality. Therefore, the concept of ecological protection first captures the basis and key points.

(2) At the same time, the concept of national parks in China also attaches importance to "national representativeness" and "public welfare". National representativeness refers to the representativeness of the background resources of national parks. If the object of ecological protection is not national representativeness, the purpose of national park construction will be deviated, and the ecological welfare enjoyed by the whole people will be reduced. The public welfare of the people defines the objects that national parks serve. If they do not consider serving people, they will enter into the one-sided natural ecological values of ecology for the sake of ecology. If they do not consider serving all the people, how can they be a representative of a socialist country?

(2) The first as a result, ecological protection, national representative, with rigorous logic relationship between the public welfare, is cooperative and mutually beneficial relationship, this synergy is based on ecological protection, combining the natural interests, national interests, the interests of the people, embodies the dominant collaborative mechanisms, this is not reflected in national park concept abroad, so to speak, The concept of Chinese national park is a new concept of national park.

(1) The concept of national parks in China is divided into three stages from incubation to establishment.

(1) On the one hand, to solve the problems under the existing park system, the concept of foreign national parks was used for reference, on the other hand, the new national park system was studied. During this period, the establishment of national parks in China was still under discussion and brewing, so the concept research mainly elaborated the concept of foreign national parks and the establishment standards of national parks in China.

(2) After 2006, China began to pilot the national park system, and explored how to put forward the concept of national park in China based on the concept of foreign national parks and the pilot experience.

(3) In 2017, the concept of "three principles" for national parks in China was formally put forward. Since then, the research hotspots are the interpretation of the concept and the practical measures to implement the concept, which further enriches the connotation and implementation approaches of the concept.

(2) Through the study of the concept of national parks in 14 foreign countries

① It is found that the concept of national park is a common administrative tool in national park management. Countries often put forward innovative and diversified national park concepts according to their natural, ethnic and cultural characteristics.

(2) The concept of foreign national parks can be roughly divided into three types: multifunctional comprehensive, natural ecological protection and recreation.

(3) By comparing with foreign national park concepts, the innovativeness of China's national park concept is mainly manifested as following the concept of development in the new era, conforming to the reality of China, adhering to the traditional Chinese thought of "heaven, earth and man", which is a new concept of dominance and coordination.

China national park concept is to draw lessons from foreign experience, in line with the general principles of the national park system in the world, but after decades of research and the 10 years of trial practice, has been fully combined with China's actual, with distinctive features, its development process and innovative characteristics of the concentrated expression is "Chinese style", is the development of the national park of China will be applied to new ideas.

(4) We should unswervingly establish and spread the concept of "ecological protection first, national representativeness and comprehensive public welfare", and promote the development of various national parks in China. To spread the concept of national parks in China, the following suggestions are put forward:

(1) Further interpret the connotation of the concept of national parks, explain the concerns of public opinion according to the concept, and promote the formation of social consensus.

(2) Increase publicity and improve publicity effect. It is suggested that authoritative media public service advertisements, typical park propaganda films, park infrastructure, interpretation systems, major exhibitions and promotional activities should be the main communication channels.

(3) Carry out in-depth learning and understanding activities within the national park system, so that the concept of national park becomes a code of conduct, a value criterion, and a group consciousness of all national park managers.

(4) The concept of national parks should be closely combined with the construction of national parks, infiltrating into the whole process of management work, guiding the construction planning, forest management, park operation and other work with the concept.

⑤ Include the concept of national parks in relevant laws and regulations that may be enacted in the future.

First author: Zhang Decheng, male, born in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PhD, associate researcher, research interest covers forestry history and traditional forestry, E-mail: zdc@caf.ac.cn, Tel: 13661305075.

Corresponding author: Xia Enlong, male, born in Tieling, Liaoning Province, PhD, associate researcher, research direction: Green economic development, E-mail: xiaenlong@163.com, Tel: 13810093643. Source: World Forestry Research, Institute of Forestry Science and Technology Information, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No.3, 2022

中国普达措国家公园 | Pudatso National Park, China

中国祁连山国家公园 | Qilian Mountains National Park, China

中国三江源国家公园 | Sanjiangyuan National Park, China

②